<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><article article-type="normal" xml:lang="en">
   <front>
      <journal-meta>
         <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PALEVO</journal-id>
         <issn>1631-0683</issn>
         <publisher>
            <publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>
         </publisher>
      </journal-meta>
      <article-meta>
         <article-id pub-id-type="pii">S1631-0683(02)00014-3</article-id>
         <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1631-0683(02)00014-3</article-id>
         <title-group>
            <article-title>Lower Cretaceous plant cuticles and amber (Kirkwood Formation, South Africa)</article-title>
            <trans-title-group xml:lang="fr">
               <trans-title>Cuticules végétales et ambre du Crétacé inférieur (formation Kirkwood, Afrique du Sud)</trans-title>
            </trans-title-group>
         </title-group>
         <contrib-group content-type="authors">
            <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
               <name>
                  <surname>Gomez</surname>
                  <given-names>Bernard</given-names>
               </name>
               <email>106gomez@cosmos.wits.ac.za</email>
               <xref rid="AFF001" ref-type="aff">
                  <sup>a</sup>
               </xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <name>
                  <surname>Bamford</surname>
                  <given-names>Marion</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="AFF001" ref-type="aff">
                  <sup>a</sup>
               </xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <name>
                  <surname>Martı́nez-Delclòs</surname>
                  <given-names>Xavier</given-names>
               </name>
               <email>xdelclos@natura.geo.ub.es</email>
               <xref rid="AFF002" ref-type="aff">
                  <sup>b</sup>
               </xref>
            </contrib>
            <aff-alternatives id="AFF001">
               <aff>
                  <label>a</label> Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa</aff>
            </aff-alternatives>
            <aff-alternatives id="AFF002">
               <aff>
                  <label>b</label> Departament d'Estratigrafia, Paleontologia i Geociències Marines, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain</aff>
            </aff-alternatives>
         </contrib-group>
         <pub-date-not-available/>
         <volume>1</volume>
         <issue seq="1">2</issue>
         <issue-id pub-id-type="pii">S1631-0683(00)X0002-4</issue-id>
         <fpage seq="0" content-type="normal">83</fpage>
         <lpage content-type="normal">87</lpage>
         <history>
            <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2001-11-05"/>
            <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2002-01-14"/>
         </history>
         <permissions>
            <copyright-statement>© 2002 Académie des sciences/Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS</copyright-statement>
            <copyright-year>2002</copyright-year>
            <copyright-holder>Académie des sciences/Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS</copyright-holder>
         </permissions>
         <self-uri xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" content-type="application/pdf" xlink:href="main.pdf">
                        Full (PDF)
                    </self-uri>
         <abstract abstract-type="author">
            <p>Plant cuticle compressions and marble-like amber pieces have been extracted in one particular level from the Middle–Upper Valanginian of the Kirkwood Formation (Eastern Cape Province, South Africa). Preliminary cuticular study indicates high plant diversity and may complete previous data published from impressions only. Cretaceous amber is reported for the first time in Africa and corresponds to the oldest, southernmost record from Gondwanaland. </p>
         </abstract>
         <trans-abstract abstract-type="author" xml:lang="fr">
            <p>Des compressions végétales avec cuticules préservées et de petites billes d'ambre ont été extraites d'un niveau particulier de la formation Kirkwood datée du Valanginien moyen à supérieur (province du Cap Oriental, Afrique du Sud). L'étude préliminaire des cuticules indique une diversité végétale élevée et complète les données publiées antérieurement et tirées uniquement d'impressions. De l'ambre crétacé est signalé pour la première fois en Afrique et correspond au registre le plus ancien et le plus méridional du Gondwana. </p>
         </trans-abstract>
         <kwd-group>
            <unstructured-kwd-group>plant cuticles, amber, Early Cretaceous, Kirkwood Formation, South Africa</unstructured-kwd-group>
         </kwd-group>
         <kwd-group xml:lang="fr">
            <unstructured-kwd-group>cuticules végétales, ambre, Crétacé inférieur, formation Kirkwood, Afrique du Sud</unstructured-kwd-group>
         </kwd-group>
         <custom-meta-group>
            <custom-meta>
               <meta-name>miscellaneous</meta-name>
               <meta-value>Communicated by Jean Dercourt</meta-value>
            </custom-meta>
         </custom-meta-group>
      </article-meta>
   </front>
   <body>
      <sec>
         <title>Version abrégée</title>
         <sec>
            <label>1</label>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <p>La sédimentologie, la stratigraphie et, surtout, la paléontologie du Crétacé inférieur de la formation Kirkwood (Afrique du Sud) ont été extensivement étudiées, en raison du contenu faunistique et floristique élevé de ces dépôts continentaux fluviatiles et estuariens. Encore récemment, des données supplémentaires sur les vertébrés ont été fournies pour les dinosaures <xref rid="BIB011" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>.</p>
            <p>Les études paléobotaniques restent très clairsemées, malgré l'abondance du matériel, incluant des charophytes <xref rid="BIB016" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>, des sporomorphes <xref rid="BIB019" ref-type="bibr">[19]</xref>, des mégarestes végétatifs et reproductifs d'Hepaticae (<italic>Marchantites</italic>, <italic>Ricciopsis</italic>), de Filicophyta (<italic>Cladophlebis</italic>, <italic>Sphenopteris</italic>, <italic>Onychiopsis</italic>), de Cycadales (<italic>Pseudoctenis</italic>), de Bennettitales (<italic>Zamites</italic>, <italic>Dictyozamites</italic>), de Coniférales (<italic>Araucaria</italic>, <italic>Podocarpus</italic>) et de Gymnospermae <italic>incertae sedis</italic> (<italic>Taeniopteris</italic>) <xref rid="BIB002" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB003" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB007" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB008" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB020" ref-type="bibr">[20]</xref> and <xref rid="BIB021" ref-type="bibr">[21]</xref>. Seul Brown <xref rid="BIB007" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref> avait essayé, sans succès, d'étudier les cuticules de <italic>Zamites recta</italic>.</p>
            <p>L'ambre fossile est très rare avant le Crétacé inférieur. Seules de petites billes d'ambre, dépourvues d'inclusions biologiques provenant des limolites de l'Aptien supérieur–Albien inférieur de la formation Crato (groupe Santana, bassin d'Araripe, Brésil) <xref rid="BIB009" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref> and <xref rid="BIB010" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref> sont signalées pour l'hémisphère sud. Le Valanginien de la formation Kirkwood correspond à la première collecte d'ambre crétacé en Afrique et au plus ancien et plus méridional enregistrement du Crétacé inférieur du Gondwana. La majorité des gisements à ambre du Crétacé inférieur sont localisés dans l'hémisphère nord, mais peu d'entre eux contiennent des inclusions biologiques (voir, par exemple, <xref rid="BIB001" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>).</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <label>2</label>
            <title>Cadre géologique</title>
            <sec>
               <p>Les formations Kirkwood et Sundays River furent vraisemblablement des faciès contemporains, liés à la même transgression marine et déposés durant la phase ultime de fragmentation du Gondwana dans une plaine d'inondation méandrine fluvio-estuarienne du bassin d'Algoa (province du Cap Oriental, Afrique du Sud) (<xref rid="FIG001" ref-type="fig">Figs. 1</xref> et <xref rid="FIG002" ref-type="fig">2</xref>) <xref rid="BIB015" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref> and <xref rid="BIB018" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>. Les cuticules et l'ambre étudiés ici constituent un niveau particulier des <italic>mudstones</italic> et des grès du Membre supérieur de la formation Kirkwood qui fut déposée durant une phase plus régressive <xref rid="BIB015" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>. D'après l'analyse des foraminifères, la formation Kirkwood serait d'âge Valanginien moyen à terminal <xref rid="BIB018" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Les limolites argilo-ligniteux étudiés ici ont été collectés sur un des affleurements de la formation Kirkwood le long de la rivière Sundays, sur la ferme Mfuleni, dans la section Ilalwa (DUN 516). Depuis, la végétation s'est épaissie sur la berge, cachant notamment le site à cuticules. Les cuticules et l'ambre ont été récupérés après macération en volume dans l'eau oxygénée.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <label>3</label>
            <title>Résultats paléobotaniques</title>
            <sec>
               <p>Le matériel est très haché, avec des fragments végétaux ne dépassant pas 23 mm de long. De petites feuilles isolées (jusqu'à 3 mm de long et de large), allant de formes triangulaires trapues, avec une partie libre très courte et un apex émoussé, à allongées courbes, avec une pointe relativement aiguë, et de rares et courts rameaux portant encore jusqu'à dix feuilles en connexion, sont attribuées à des conifères du genre <italic>Brachyphyllum</italic> Lindley et Hutton ex. Brongniart emend. Harris. De plus, l'examen des cuticules a révélé la présence de files stomatiques convergeant les unes vers les autres vers la pointe. Une autre forme consiste en des feuilles linéaires de 1 à 1,5 mm de large, dont les stomates sont confinés dans une gouttière centrale et longitudinale sur la face inférieure du limbe. Le genre <italic>Pseudocycas</italic> Nathorst emend. Boyd (Bennettitales) <xref rid="BIB006" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref> et ceux de la famille des Miroviaceae (Coniférales) <xref rid="BIB004" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB005" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref> and <xref rid="BIB014" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref>, connus dans l'hémisphère nord pour posséder une gouttière stomatique unique, diffèrent de ce taxon. D'après les caractères anatomiques, au moins six autres formes sont présentes, mais leurs attributions restent délicates en raison des contours irréguliers et déchirés de ces fragments de cuticules.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>De nombreux fragments de bois, jusqu'à 15 mm de long et aux angles très émoussés, ont été aussi triés, ainsi qu'une centaine de petites billes d'ambre, de couleur jaune orangé à rouge, parfois translucides et ayant jusqu'à 7 mm de longueur.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <label>4</label>
            <title>Discussion</title>
            <sec>
               <p>L'étude anatomique des cuticules et des charbons (fusains) viendra compléter les données préliminaires non publiées sur les cuticules de <italic>Zamites recta</italic>, ?<italic>Pseudoctenis</italic> et <italic>Cycadolepis jenkinsiana</italic> de la formation Kirkwood <xref rid="BIB003" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>. De nombreuses adaptations et/ou accommodations autécologiques à un paléoenvironment xérique ont été rapportées ci-dessus, incluant de minuscules feuilles de conifères, parfois fermement adhérentes à l'axe (spécimens de <italic>Brachyphyllum</italic>), des cuticules épaisses et une disposition stomatique particulière et, dans un autre taxon, la présence d'une gouttière stomatique.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La concentration élevée de petites billes d'ambre dans cette couche est exceptionnelle, mais, lors d'une excursion récente, un plus grand fragment (12 mm de long × 6 mm de large) a été collecté dans un site éloigné (ferme d'Attmar, Serfontein's). La présence d'ambre du Crétacé inférieur en Afrique du Sud est très importante, en raison du faible nombre de ces dépôts de Konservat-Lagerstätten dans l'hémisphère sud. C'est la première référence pour cette partie la plus méridionale de l'Afrique. Jusqu'à maintenant, aucun reste animal n'a été trouvé piégé, mais de nouvelles excursions sur le terrain sont programmées pour obtenir plus d'ambre et trouver, peut-être, des arthropodes et/ou des inclusions végétales.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Puisque les angiospermes sont absentes des taphoflores de la formation Kirkwood, les conifères sont certainement à l'origine de l'ambre. Les Araucariaceae, restreintes de nos jours à l'hémisphère sud, sont souvent considérées comme une des principales source d'ambre mésozoı̈que dans la littérature, par comparaison avec les actuels <italic>Araucaria</italic> et <italic>Agathis</italic>
                  <xref rid="BIB013" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref>. Dans la nature, sous climats tempérés et tropicaux, ils forment, selon les espèces, des structures forestières différentes, accompagnés de Podocarpaceae. D'après l'étude des impressions, une association similaire apparaı̂t avoir existé dans la formation Kirkwood et pourrait être à l'origine de la résine, qui ultérieurement fut transformée en ambre par polymérisation. Néanmoins, nous ne pouvons ignorer la possibilité que la famille fossile des Cheirolepidiaceae, dont l'occurrence a été indubitablement mise en évidence par la palynologie <xref rid="BIB019" ref-type="bibr">[19]</xref>, puisse avoir été l'un des producteurs de résine. En effet, le genre fossile <italic>Brachyphyllum</italic> occupe une position systématique mal définie avec certaines espèces incluses à l'intérieur des Araucariaceae et d'autres dans les Cheirolepidiaceae. Il n'est donc pas impossible qu'ultérieurement soit démontrée une synonymie entre les parties végétatives d'<italic>Araucaria rogersii</italic> (<italic>sensu</italic>
                  <xref rid="BIB002" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>) et nos <italic>Brachyphyllum</italic>.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
         <label>1</label>
         <title>Introduction</title>
         <sec>
            <p>The sedimentology, stratigraphy and especially the palaeontology of the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation (Southern South Africa) have been extensively studied, because of the high faunal and floral content of these continental fluvial and estuarine deposits. Yet recently, additional vertebrate data have been provided for dinosaurs <xref rid="BIB011" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Palaeobotanical study was very scanty, besides a relative abundance of the material, which includes charophytes <xref rid="BIB016" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>, sporomorphs <xref rid="BIB019" ref-type="bibr">[19]</xref>, vegetative and reproductive macroremains of Hepaticae (<italic>Marchantites</italic>, <italic>Ricciopsis</italic>), Filicophyta (<italic>Cladophlebis</italic>, <italic>Sphenopteris</italic>, <italic>Onychiopsis</italic>), Cycadales (<italic>Pseudoctenis</italic>), Bennettitales (<italic>Zamites</italic>, <italic>Dictyozamites</italic>), Coniferales (<italic>Araucaria</italic>, <italic>Podocarpus</italic>) and Gymnospermae <italic>incertae sedis</italic> (<italic>Taeniopteris</italic>) <xref rid="BIB002" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB003" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB007" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB008" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB020" ref-type="bibr">[20]</xref> and <xref rid="BIB021" ref-type="bibr">[21]</xref>. However, no attempt for studying the plant cuticles have been published other than Brown's unsuccessful maceration <xref rid="BIB007" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref> of <italic>Zamites recta</italic> fragments.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Amber was very rare in the fossil record before the Early Cretaceous. In the Southern Hemisphere, Cretaceous amber has been previously reported only from Upper Aptian–Lower Albian siltstones of the Brazilian Crato Formation (Santana Group, Araripe Basin) <xref rid="BIB009" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref> and <xref rid="BIB010" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>. However, these small amber pieces contain no biological inclusions. The Late Valanginian amber of the Kirkwood Formation corresponds to the first collection of Cretaceous amber in Africa and the most ancient, southernmost record from the Lower Cretaceous of Gondwanaland. Most of Early Cretaceous amber outcrops are located in the Northern Hemisphere but only some of them have yielded amber with biological inclusions (e.g., <xref rid="BIB001" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>).</p>
         </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
         <label>2</label>
         <title>Geological setting</title>
         <sec>
            <p>The Lower Cretaceous sediments of the Uitenhage Group were deposited during the later phase of break-up of Gondwanaland in a meandering fluvio-estuarine floodplain of the Algoa basin (Eastern Cape Province, South Africa) (<xref rid="FIG001" ref-type="fig">Figs. 1</xref> and <xref rid="FIG002" ref-type="fig">2</xref>). The Uitenhage Group is subdivided into the basal Enon (conglomerate), the Kirkwood Formation and the capping Sundays River Formation <xref rid="BIB015" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>, the latter two formations being likely coeval facies related to the same marine transgression <xref rid="BIB018" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>. The Kirkwood Formation is formed by three members: (1) the non-fossiliferous sandstones of the Swartkops Member, (2) the grey shale siltstones and minor sandstones of the shallow marine Colchester Shale Member, and (3) the red–brown to grey–green mudstone palaeosoils and coarse fluvial sandstones of the unnamed, fossiliferous Upper Member <xref rid="BIB015" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>. The cuticles and amber studied herein constitute a particular level of the Upper Member that was deposited during a more regressive phase <xref rid="BIB017" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>. According to foraminifera analysis of the overlying Sundays River Formation, the Kirkwood Formation ranges Middle–Late Valanginian in age <xref rid="BIB018" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Several small, shallow and close together (10 to 20 m apart) exposures of the Kirkwood Formation occurred along the Sundays River on the farm Mfuleni, in the section called Ilalwa. Organic matter-rich sediments (coaly clayey siltstones) studied herein were collected from the exposure farthest downstream (DUN 516). Since fieldwork in the 1980's, the bank has become overgrown with very thick vegetation, hiding in particular the cuticle site. Cuticles and amber were retrieved after bulk maceration of sediments in hydrogen peroxide.</p>
         </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
         <label>3</label>
         <title>Palaeobotanical results</title>
         <sec>
            <p>The plant remains are preserved as a hash of cuticles displaying fragments not more than 23 mm long. However, rigorous sorting has resulted in the separation of numerous isolated leaves and short twigs still bearing up to ten leaves in connection. The size of the individual leaves is up to 3 mm long and wide. Shapes range from compact triangular leaves with a very short free part and a blunt apex to elongated curved leaves with a relatively acute tip, which are reminiscent of the conifer genus <italic>Brachyphyllum</italic> Lindley et Hutton ex. Brongniart emend. Harris. First observations of these well-preserved cuticles show abaxial stomatal rows of a single stoma wide converging one to each other towards the tip. Another form consists of middle parts of linear leaves from 1 to 1.5 mm wide. The cuticles are easily distinguishable, because the stomata are confined to a single stomatal groove that occurs on one side of the middle lamina. As far as our preliminary observations can afford, the latter material differs from the genus <italic>Pseudocycas</italic> Nathorst emend. Boyd (Bennettitales) <xref rid="BIB006" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref> and from the genera of the family Miroviaceae (Coniferales) <xref rid="BIB004" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref>, <xref rid="BIB005" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref> and <xref rid="BIB014" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref> known in the Northern Hemisphere to possess a unique stomatal groove. Although, according to the epidermal and stomatal structure, at least six other forms appear to be present in the assemblage; their taxonomic assignations should be tentative with regard to the irregular and torn outlines of the cuticle fragments.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Numerous fragments of charcoal, up to 15 mm long, have been also picked up. All of them display very blunt angles.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Hundred of marble-like amber pieces, up to 7 mm long, are sometimes translucent and their colours range from yellow–orange to red.</p>
         </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
         <label>4</label>
         <title>Discussion</title>
         <sec>
            <p>The anatomical study of the cuticle compressions and charcoals (fusains) may complete unpublished, preliminary data on cuticles of <italic>Zamites recta</italic>, ?<italic>Pseudoctenis</italic> and <italic>Cycadolepis jenkinsiana</italic> of the Kirkwood Formation <xref rid="BIB003" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>. A number of palaeoautecological adaptations and/or accommodations to a xeric palaeoenvironment have been reported above, including minute conifer leaves, sometimes firmly adhered to the axis (in specimens of the genus <italic>Brachyphyllum</italic> in the cuticle assemblage), thick cuticles and particular arrangement of the stomata and, in one other form, the presence of stomata confined to a stomatal groove.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>The high concentration of marble-like amber pieces in this layer is exceptional, but recent fieldwork has demonstrated that it is more widespread than expected in the Kirkwood Formation. Thus, a bigger fragment of amber (12 mm long × 6 mm wide) was collected in a different site (Attmar farm, Serfontein's). Moreover, this datum corresponds to the first Cretaceous record of amber reported in the southernmost part of Africa. The occurrence of Early Cretaceous sediments bearing amber in South Africa is very important, due to the low number of these Konservat-Lagerstätten deposits around the world and, especially, in the Southern Hemisphere. Up to now, no animal remains have been found trapped but new field excursions are proposed for obtaining more amber in order to find arthropods and/or plant inclusions.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Since the angiosperms are absent in the flora of the Kirkwood Formation, the origin of amber may be related to conifers. The Southern Hemisphere family Araucariaceae is often quoted as a main Mesozoic amber source in the literature, based on comparisons with widespread extant genera <italic>Araucaria</italic> and <italic>Agathis</italic>
               <xref rid="BIB013" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref>. These modern genera form naturally different forest structures, in association with podocarps under temperate and tropical climates. In the Kirkwood Formation, araucariaceous and podocarpaceous leaves preserved as impressions might be at the origin of the resin that subsequently was transformed into amber by polymerisation. Nevertheless, we cannot ignore the possibility that the fossil family Cheirolepidiaceae, whose occurrence was clearly evidenced from palynological studies <xref rid="BIB019" ref-type="bibr">[19]</xref> may have been one of the resin producers. As a matter of fact, the fossil genus <italic>Brachyphyllum</italic> occupies an ill-defined systematic position with some species included within the family Araucariaceae and others within the Cheirolepidiaceae, and it is not impossible that, on further investigation, the vegetative part of <italic>Araucaria rogersii</italic> (<italic>sensu</italic>
               <xref rid="BIB002" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>) will prove to be the same species as our cuticle compressions of <italic>Brachyphyllum</italic> and a good candidate as a producer of <italic>Classopollis</italic> and amber.</p>
         </sec>
      </sec>
   </body>
   <back>
      <ack>
         <title>Acknowledgements</title>
         <p>The research of BG and MB was financially supported by Wits URC and NRF funding. The research of XM-D was a contribution from DGES Grant (PB97-0061).</p>
      </ack>
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   <floats-group>
      <fig id="FIG001">
         <label>Figure 1</label>
         <caption>
            <p>Geographical location and geological situation of the outcrop studied (modified from <xref rid="BIB014" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref>).</p>
            <p>Localisation géographique et situation géologique du gisement étudié (d'après <xref rid="BIB014" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref>, modifié).</p>
         </caption>
         <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="main.assets/gr001.jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="FIG002">
         <label>Figure 2</label>
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            <p>Stratigraphic plan of the Uitenhage Group (modified from <xref rid="BIB012" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>).</p>
            <p>Succession stratigraphique du groupe Uitenhage (d'après <xref rid="BIB012" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>, modifié).</p>
         </caption>
         <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="main.assets/gr002.tif"/>
      </fig>
   </floats-group>
</article>